Wednesday, October 25, 2023

Demanding freedom for artists Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara and Maykel Castillo Pérez on International Artist Day

 

International Artist Day was launched 19 years ago in 2004 "to honor the contribution artists make to society."

Amnesty International chose to spotlight the situation of Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara and Maykel Castillo Pérez, two Cuban prisoners of conscience who are also artists, this year.  The posts were made in Spanish and French.

 Here is the English translation of their post demanding freedom.

#Cuba: We demand freedom for artists Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara and Maykel Castillo Pérez, also known as “Maykel Osorbo”, prisoners of conscience of the government of Miguel Diaz-Canel. Raise your voice for a Cuba without repression and without censorship. #FreeArtists #InternationalArtistsDay

Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara was arrested when he tried to go out and join nonviolent protesters on July 11, 2021. On July 10, 2023 in the Miami Herald, a letter of his was published as an opinion piece titled 'Cuba’s Authorities Have Stolen My Youth Just For Speaking My Mindin which he describes the prison conditions he is enduring.

"I’m imprisoned in Guanajay, a maximum-security penitentiary southwest of Havana. Many of my fellow prisoners are serving life sentences for murder. The authorities have separated me from other political prisoners. I share a cell with three others. I’m allowed to talk to other inmates in the hallway, but I’m only taken out to the yard when other prisoners are gone. I should be allowed to spend an hour outside every day, but I’m only let out occasionally at the whim of the guards.  I’ve lost weight because of the scarcity of food and poor quality of meals. I’m often afraid to eat because the food looks rotten. After I was sentenced in June 2022, the rules for visiting me changed. Now my family can only visit me once a month, instead of twice. No one else is allowed. Even my beloved uncle is banned because of his involvement in activism."

Following bios were taken from Amnesty International, and adapted to the present day.

Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara is an artist and member of the San Isidro Movement, a group that mobilized initially in opposition to a law which stands to censor artists. He was detained on 11 July around 3pm in Havana, after posting a video saying he would join the protests. It is believed he is being held at Guanajay prison, but the charges against him are unclear. Amnesty International has named him a prisoner of conscience on three prior occasions.   

Maykel Castillo Pérez,known by his stage name Maykel Osorbo, is a Cuban musician and human rights activist. He is one of the authors of “Patria y Vida”, a song critical of the Cuban government that has been adopted as a protest anthem. On 4 April 2021, Maykel was walking in Havana when police officers questioned him and attempted to arrest him but desisted in the face of complaints from other passersby who considered the action unjust. On May 18, 2021, security agents arrived at his home and arrested him. He was held at the Pinar del Río Provincial Prison under charges of “assault”, “resistance”, “evasion of prisoners and detainees” and “public disorder.”

Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara and Maykel “Osorbo” Castillo Pérez were sentenced to five and nine years in prison respectively by the Castro regime on June 24, 2022. They are currently serving out their unjust prison sentences.

Maykel “Osorbo” Castillo Pérez and Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara 


Saturday, October 21, 2023

Cuba's Queen of Salsa Celia Cruz was born 98 years ago today in Havana but the Castro regime still bans her music

 "Forgiving is not forgetting. Forgiving is remembering without pain." - Celia Cruz  

Celia Cruz 1925 - 2003


Úrsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso was born 98 years ago today in Havana, Cuba, but she was better known as Celia Cruz. She played in Cuba for twelve years from 1948 until 1960. Because she wanted to play her music around the world, she was banned by the Castro regime from returning to the island.

 

Celia was not able to return to Cuba when her father died there in 1961, and she was not allowed to return to Cuba when her mother became ill, or at attend her funeral when her mom died in 1962.

Celia Cobo of Billboard Magazine observed that "Cruz is indisputably the best known and most influential female figure in the history of Cuban music." The impact of the Castro regime on music in Cuba goes beyond jailing musicians and includes systematic censorship that threatens the island's musical legacy as has been the case with the Queen of Salsa.

Google Doodle of Celia Cruz from 2013

She is recognized around the world as an icon of music and in 2013 Google honored Celia on the 88th anniversary of her birth with a Google Doodle. In 2010 the United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp in her honor describing the Cuban artist as follows.

"A dazzling performer of many genres of Afro-Caribbean music, Celia Cruz (1925-2003) had a powerful contralto voice and a joyful, charismatic personality that endeared her to fans from different nationalities and across generations. Settling in the United States following the Cuban revolution, the “Queen of Salsa” performed for more than five decades and recorded more than 50 albums."  

 Next year the United States Mint will be featured on the reverse side of the U.S. quarter as one of the honorees for the American Women Quarters Program.

However in Cuba the Castro regime continues to ban the music of Celia Cruz from the radio airwaves. She is not alone. There are other banned Cuban musicians of great importance. According to Shoot the singer!: music censorship today, a book edited by Marie Korpe states that there is increasing concern within the international music community that post-revolution generations are growing up without knowing or hearing these censored musicians and that this could lead to a loss of Cuban identity in future generations.



The phrase cultural genocide is used to describe the "cultural revolution" of the 1960s and 1970s that blacklisted and censored scores of Cuban musicians and artists.

The above censorship is widely known, but not as well known is that the way Celia Cruz was blocked by Fidel Castro from returning to Cuba to say goodbye to her parentsstill goes on today in Cuba with members of the diaspora barred arbitrarily from seeing their loved ones by the Castro regime.


Celia Cruz: The Queen of Salsa
The Queen of Salsa passed away twenty years go on July 16, 2003 and her music is still banned in Cuba today.  At the time of her death the Associated Press reported:

"While the death of salsa singer Celia Cruz was reported prominently in newspapers across the world, the news got scant and somewhat bitter treatment Thursday in the official media of her homeland. The Cuban Communist Party newspaper Granma reported Cruz’s death in a tiny, two-paragraph story published low on page 6 of the eight-page edition."

On August 8, 2012 BBC News reported that the Cuban regime's ban on anti-Castro musicians had been quietly lifted and two days later the BBC correspondent in Cuba, Sarah Rainsford, tweeted that she had been given names of forbidden artists by the central committee and the internet was a buzz that the ban on anti-Castro musicians had been quietly lifted. Others soon followed reporting on the news.  The stories specifically mentioned Celia Cruz as one of the artists whose music would return to Cuban radio. 

Let Celia Cruz's music be heard in Cuba

This wasn't news but a rumor that nine years after her death her music would be played on Cuban radio, after a half century absence but they were dispelled by regime officials. On August 21, 2012 Tony Pinelli, a musician and radio producer, distributed an e-mail in which Rolando Álvarez, the national director of the Cuban Institute of Radio and Television Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión (ICRT) confirmed that the music of the late Celia Cruz would continue to be banned.


Sharing the music of Celia Cruz in Cuba is a counter-revolutionary act according to the Castro regime and is an act of subversion against the communist dictatorship. Please share her music widely because it is the sound of freedom. This is why Cuba's tyrants hate her and her music so much, even in death.

Viva Celia Cruz! Azucar!


Sunday, October 15, 2023

Conversation between journalist Bret Stephens and Margaret Hoover on October 7, 2023 terrorist attacks against Israel, and the international reaction on Firing Line

"My definition of terrorism is the systematic and deliberate attack, the murder, maiming, and menacing of innocents, of civilians, for political goals." ...  "Those who fight with terroristic means end up being masters of terrorist states."  - Benjamin Netanyahu, Firing Line (May 30,1986)

..."It describes so many other post-colonial states that came into existence from people who described themselves as freedom fighters, but used terroristic means and then ended up creating despotisms in their own societies. Its not unique to the Palestinians." - Bret Stephens, Firing Line (October 13, 2023)

This is the third blog entry on the unfolding events in Israel, and the international reaction to the Hamas terrorist attacks against innocent Israelis provides a profound reflection by journalist Bret Stephens on the October 13, 2023 episode of Firing Line with Margaret Hoover. It is required viewing, and available here.

The other entries raise different concerns, and are complementary to this one.

The first entry, a fact sheet was posted on October 11, 2023 which documents that the Jewish people are both the indigenous and ancestral people of the land they currently live in known as Israel. 

The second entry raised an important question: "Why are US taxpayer dollars going to UNESCO to advance the ideology of Ernesto "Che" Guevara that inspire Hamas terrorists?" It also offered evidence, and links substantiating them.

A fourth, and related blog entry was posted on the eve of the October 7th attacks on the 50th anniversary of the surprise attack against Israel by Muslim states, North Korea, ad Cuba.

Saturday, October 14, 2023

Why are US taxpayer dollars going to UNESCO to advance the ideology of Ernesto "Che" Guevara that inspire Hamas terrorists?

"If the missiles had remained we would have used them against the very heart of the United States, including New York. We must never establish a peaceful coexistence."  Ernesto "Che" Guevara, London’s Daily Worker (1962

Why are US taxpayer dollars going to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to advance the murderous and genocidal ideology of Ernesto "Che" Guevara? His poisonous ideas are being spread in Gaza, and celebrated by communist antisemites. Will the U.S. State Department, Secretary Antony Blinken, or the Senate Foreign Relations Committee address this?

US taxpayers are elevating the “Life and Works of Ernesto Che Guevara: from the originals manuscripts of its adolescence and youth to the campaign Diary in Bolivia” through UNESCO in 2013.


Castro regime spokesman claim Che Guevara as an inspiration for the "resistance" in the aftermath of the Hamas terrorist attacks against Israel last week.

 

Paragliders were used to murder concert goers in Israel last week.

What are Ernesto "Che" Guevara's secular ideas inspiring Hamas, and promoted by UNESCO with US taxpayer funds? 

Here are a few of them.

"Here is the electrifying example of a people prepared to suffer nuclear immolation so that its ashes may serve as a foundation for new societies." - Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Tactics and Strategy of the Latin American Revolution (1962)

"When an agreement was reached by which the atomic missiles were removed, without asking our people, we were not relieved or thankful for the truce; instead we denounced the move with our own voice." - Che Guevara, Tactics & Strategy of the Latin American Revolution (1962)

"When an agreement was reached by which the atomic missiles were removed, without asking our people, we were not relieved or thankful for the truce; instead we denounced the move with our own voice." - Che Guevara, Tactics & Strategy of the Latin American Revolution (1962)

"We do assert, however, that we must follow the road of liberation even though it may cost millions of nuclear war victims." - Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Tactics & Strategy of the Latin American Revolution (1962)

"Hatred as an element of the struggle; a relentless hatred of the enemy, impelling us over & beyond the natural limitations that man is heir to & transforming him into an effective, violent, selective & cold killing machine." - Che Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental (1967)

"We must carry the war into every corner the enemy happens to carry it: to his home, to his centers of entertainment; a total war." - Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental (1967)   

"It is necessary to prevent him from having a moment of peace, a quiet moment outside his barracks or even inside; we must attack him wherever he may be; make him feel like a cornered beast wherever he may move." - Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental (1967)

"Then his moral fiber shall begin to decline. He will even become more beastly, but we shall notice how the signs of decadence begin to appear." - Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental (1967)

This is what has been normalized, and is being promoted by UNESCO, and young children are, and have been, reading in Gaza for years. 

Then one asks oneself where did they get the idea to engage in the brutality the world witnessed last week? Ideas have consequences, and not challenging, or worse yet, promoting bad ones can be deadly. 

The same crowd that normalized Che Guevara on t-shirts is trying to do the same with images of the para-gliders used to slaughter hundreds of music concert goers last week.


 These communists and Hamas supporters would like us to either normalize, ignore, or deny the mass murder and terrorism committed by Hamas last week, but we have a duty to remember, and denounce this crime. Here are the latest figures from the State of Israel on the over 1,300 murdered and 3,360 injured in the terror attacks in which over 6,300 rockets were launched at the Jewish State..



Wednesday, October 11, 2023

FACT SHEET: The Jewish people are both the indigenous and ancestral people of the land they currently live in known as Israel.

Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” - Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan

The modern state of Israel came into existence on May 14, 1948.  The Ottoman Empire ended during World War One and the British took over with their Palestine mandate. In 1917 the Balfour Declaration indicated that the British would welcome the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, while at the same time safeguarding the rights of the non-Jewish population. This led to great hostility from the Muslim population to a Jewish homeland, and the British delaying their exit from the Palestinian Mandate. 

On August 23, 1929, Arab residents in the city of Hebron "led a pogrom against their 800 Jewish neighbors as documented by The Jewish Virtual Library. 67 Jews were killed. Synagogues and homes, lived in for generations, were destroyed."

It also explains why the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini was making visits to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to obtain "a German-Italian declaration recognizing the independence of Arab states and their right to work to prevent the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in the Holy Land." He did not succeed in his mission.

According to Yad Vashem, "Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti of Jerusalem, was a despicable antisemite and ardent Nazi supporter. Nevertheless, the role he played in the Holocaust was marginal." 

Haj Amin al-Husseini and Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, 1941Credit: German Federal Archives

The Jewish people without their own homeland since 70 AD had endured centuries of pogroms, persecution, ethnic cleansing, forced religious conversion, and in the 20th century in Europe the Holocaust. The revulsion of the international community in the aftermath of opening the death camps underscored the Zionist case for a Jewish homeland.  What goes unmentioned in the conversation over Israel and Palestine is that there had never been a Palestinian state or kingdom prior to its creation together with the reemergence of a Jewish state in 1948.

Although the United Nations had authorized a two state partition: One Jewish and One Palestinian Arab.  The Palestinians allied with their Arab neighbors in a coalition to invade and destroy the new Jewish nation, and although outgunned in the first Arab-Israeli War 1948-49, Israel survived, and gained territory against their aggressors.  

Wars would continue with the Suez Crisis in 1956, and the Six Days War in 1967. Israel's victory in the Six Days War redrew the map of the Middle East with the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria taken over by the Jewish state.

The Arab states together with communist Cuba tried to destroy Israel in another war of aggression  fifty years ago October 6, 1973 during high holy Jewish holidays in what became known as the Yom Kippur War.

Communists lie, and one of their favorite past times is rewriting history. The case of Israel is an example of this on steroids. The Soviet Union assisted the Arab states in the lead up to the Six Days War, and in the disastrous aftermath initiated an active measures campaign that over a half century later has proven effective in harming Israel and the United States. A 2019 paper titled "THE KGB AND ANTI -ISRAEL PROPAGANDA OPERATIONS" by Eli Cohen and Elizabeth Boyd is available online that explains this in greater detail, but here is partial summary taken from it.

Operation SIG is the KGB operation to sow worldwide disapproval for the US and Israel. SIG is the Russian acronym for Sionistskiye Gosudarstva, or “Jewish (or Zionist) Government.” The operation started shortly after 1967, when the drive for Arab unity collapsed along with the economies of the armies that attacked Israel (Shlaim, 2003). ...“After defeat of Soviet-controlled Arab states in the 1967 Six-Day war, the Soviet Union started a widespread under-cover campaign against Israel, involving propaganda as well as direct military support (funding, arms, training) to terrorist groups declaring Israel as their enemy. Additionally, the USSR took the decision to increase anti-Israeli sentiment by disseminating anti-Zionist propaganda and even referencing previous anti-Semitic tropes from Western culture… The overall goal of the campaign was to spread the idea that the state of Israel was an oppressive, imperialist state which was built on unjust terms operation “SIG” (“Zionist Governments”) that was devised in 1972 to turn the Arab world against Israel and the United States”
This effort officially ended in 1988, but may have been resumed by former KGB officer and current Russian despot Vladimir Putin.
 
 
The rest of this blog entry focuses on the history of the Jewish people in the land currently known as Israel, and seeks to dispel this disinformation.
 
I have attended meetings in the United States were folks who identify as progressive would begin the meeting with a land acknowledgement. The Smithsonian Museum's National Museum of the American Indian on their website Native Knowledge 360° provides the following description of the practice.

Land acknowledgment is a traditional custom that dates back centuries in many Native nations and communities. Today, land acknowledgments are used by Native Peoples and non-Natives to recognize Indigenous Peoples who are the original stewards of the lands on which we now live. Before public events and other important gatherings hosted by the National Museum of the American Indian, a speaker offers this acknowledgment displayed in the quote container on behalf of everyone present.

After millennia of Native history, and centuries of displacement and dispossession, acknowledging original Indigenous inhabitants is complex. Many places in the Americas have been home to different Native Nations over time, and many Indigenous people no longer live on lands to which they have ancestral ties.

The Jewish people are indigenous to the land they live on today, and lands inhabited by Palestinians, such as Gaza and the West Bank. Three thousand years ago the state of Israel was dominated by a Jewish community, until they were taken over by the Roman Empire in 63 BC and turned into a protectorate to rule over them, until the Romans crushed them, and drove many of them out of their homeland for violently resisting imperial rule beginning in 66 AD, the Romans breached the walls of Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple in 70 AD and Jewish resisters to occupation were scattered across the Roman Empire in modern day Iraq, Spain, Saudi Arabia, and parts of Eastern Europe. 

The Romans erected the Arch of Titus which depicts the Emperor's sack of Jerusalem in 70 AD to celebrate their victory. It still survives today in Rome just outside of the ruins of the Colosseum. This past week following the start of the wave of terrorist attacks against Israel by Hamas the emblem of the modern state of Israel was projected onto it.

More Jewish people returned to Israel following the end of the Roman Empire with the rise of the Islamic Empire, when non-Muslims, including many Jews, were driven out of Saudi Arabia, Jews were allowed to return to their homeland in 637AD after being banished for 500 years, Israel had been renamed Palestine by the Romans, but the name was not formally recognized by the rulers of the Islamic empire.

This is to say that out of the past 3,000 years there has been a Jewish presence in Israel for 3,000 years. The name Israel is an indigenous name for an indigenous people who today are living on their ancestral lands, and the territories occupied by Palestinians today, used to be part of ancient Israel.

The term Palestine has a long history, but the word is a European invention. According to historians the name first appeared in the 12th century BC and derives from the Greek word Philistia,  the name Greek writers gave to the land of the Philistines, and revived by the Romans 1,400 years later in the 2nd century AD as "Syria Palaestina."  However the name Palestine, following the collapse of the Roman Empire, had no official status until the British took over the land from the Ottoman Empire after WW1 through the League of Nations and it was called the Mandate for Palestine, but it also recognized the right to a Jewish homeland.

This is not to say that the self-identified Palestinians do not have a right to a sovereign state, but the problem has been when repeatedly offered one, many have preferred to take the opportunity to wage a war of extermination against Israel with the aid and encouragement of neighboring (or nearby) Islamic states. The Palestinian problem is truly a Palestinian problem with the existence of a Jewish state in a sea of Muslim ones. It has been compounded by communist misinformation first spread by the KGB in an active measure against Israel and the United States.


 




Tuesday, October 10, 2023

Grito de Yara's Double Significance for Freedom in Cuba on October 10, 1868: How Castroism continues to betray both of them

 Independence and Emancipation 
 
 

 
The Grito de Yara on October 10, 1868 has a double significance for Cubans, and Black Cubans specifically. It was the initial cry for independence that marked the start of the "Ten Years War" that seriously challenged Spanish colonial rule, and the institution of slavery. 
 
 This day marked an immediate and concrete start of liberation.
 
Plantation and slave owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo, sounded a bell that gathered enslaved black Cubans together to begin the work day, but on October 10, 1868 he freed them instead.
 
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo

This slave owner then invited them, if they chose, to take up arms and join him in a new struggle for independence. The nearest town to his plantation was called Yara and this cry for freedom became known as the "Grito de Yara." 

 

Carlos Manuel not only promised independence from Spain, but the abolition of slavery in Cuba. 

 

This was a day of choosing for black Cuban slaves and over the next decade they fought for freedom, together with free blacks, and white Cubans. 

 

On October 10, 1878 in the Pact of Zanjón slaves that had taken part on either side of the fight were freed, but those who remained on the sidelines would not be freed until October 7, 1886. 

 

General Martínez Campos and General Antonio Maceo meet

 

Not everyone agreed with the pact. General Antonio Maceo was summoned by Martínez Campos to Los Mangos de Baraguá on March 15, 1879. General Maceo refused to accept the conditions established in the agreement. He demanded full independence and the complete abolition of slavery. This became known as "La Protesta de Baraguá" where  General Antonio Maceo told his Spanish counterpart: "We do not understand each other". 

 

Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer, a free Cuban black, and leader of the independence struggle defended the rights of Black Cubans for his entire career. In 1892 he founded the “Directory of Colored Societies” - the same year that slavery ended in Cuba.


 


 The Central Directory of Societies of Color would spend the next seventy six years pushing for Black advancement in Cuba.   

 

It would be a fair assessment to define October 10, 1868 as not only the beginning of Cuban independence, but a day to celebrate black liberation from 373 years of bondage beginning with the arrival of the first African slaves to Cuba in 1513. Over 900,000 Africans would be taken from West Africa and brought to Cuba over 350 years.


Juan Gualberto transmitted the order that began the 2nd war of independence on February 24, 1895. Gómez Ferrer was captured on February 28, 1895 and imprisoned by the Spanish for three years. Upon his release he went to New York and continued the struggle for Cuban independence from exile.

 

"In December 1898, he accompanied Major General Calixto García to Washington, D.C. as a member of the commission sent to negotiate for funds necessary for the Cuban Liberation Army and recognition of the rebels" by the United States.

 

 In 1900 Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer was elected to represent Oriente in the Constituent Assembly.  

 

Following independence he was deeply critical of the Platt Amendment. The United States military had occupied Cuba from 1898 to 1902, and the bitter price of independence was accepting the Platt Amendment in the 1901 Cuban Constitution, which permitted U.S. interference in Cuban internal affairs to preserve order and protect American interests, put into question the status of Cuba's Isle of Pines as a possible U.S. possession. 

 

Gómez Ferrer held seats in the Cuban House of Representatives (1914–1917) and Senate (1917–1925), representing Havana. 

 

Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer
 

Between 1886 and 1962 in Cuba, free black people were able to organize in a network of societies founded by Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer to press for black social, economic and political advancement in Cuba.

Cuba during the later colonial period, and during the Republic wrestled with the legacy of slavery, and racism, but it was part of the public discussion – with its high and low points.   

Ugly periods, such as the 1912 race war, and private discrimination persisted, but so did black agency to advocate for each other.

General Pedro Ivonnet Dufort was a Mambi officer killed in 1912

Political leaders had to answer to these black societies, and provide patronage to them, and in a vibrant free press, and in publishing houses debates on race, and racism, and the need for redress took place.

The Central Directory of Societies of Color, founded by Gómez Ferrer in 1892 succeeded in lobbying for the 1940 Constitution to address racism in Articles 10,  20,  74, and 102.

And although incomplete and too slow, progress had been made in the 1940 Constitution, and in labor legislation to provide greater inclusion for black Cubans over the next 20 years.
 


All of this came crashing down with Castro’s communist revolution.  

“Of the 256 Negro societies in Cuba, many  have had to close their doors and others are in death agony. One can truthfully say, and this is without the slightest exaggeration, that the Negro movement in Cuba died at the hands of Sr. Fidel Castro.” … “Yet this is the man who had the cynical impudence to visit the United States in 1960 for the purpose of censuring American racial discrimination. Although this evil obviously exists in the United States, Castro is not precisely the man to offer America solutions, nor even to pass judgement,” reported Cuban nationalist Juan René Betancourt in his essay in the NAACP's publication The Crisis in 1961. 

Some of the more prominent clubs that are still remembered are the Sociedad Buena Vista ( Buena Vista Social Club), Amantes del Progreso, Unión Fraternal, Progreso, Nueva Era, and El Club Atenas.

Juan René Betancourt

Between 1898 and 1959 the relationship between Black-Americans and Black-Cubans was based on their race and being black minorities.  The relationship between the two diasporas ended when the Castro regime ended autonomous black civil society in 1962. 

It was replaced by Castro and his white revolutionary elite allying with Black elites in the United States, and Africa. The Castro regime would selectively target black elites in the NAACP, the Nation of Islam, and representatives of newly liberated nations in Africa. This was exemplified by Fidel Castro meeting with Malcolm X on September 19, 1960.


The elimination of Afro-Cubans from this dynamic demonstrated how the new communist revolutionary elite transformed what race meant within the island while at the same time turning it into a political tool outside of Cuba to advance the Castro regime's communist agenda.

This ended black agency in Cuba for decades, and replaced it with a policy based in obedience, submission, and gratitude to the white revolutionary elite, and this was reflected in official propaganda with racist tropes.

From the Castro regime's publication Verde Olivo 1, no. 29 (October 1, 1960)

 Cuban blacks today that would have been political leaders in the 1940s and 1950s are dissidents persecuted, hunted and killed by the secret police.

The regime claims there is no racism in Cuba while poverty disproportionately impacts black people, and black voices are silenced.